C/M Piston-Punch Screw Pumps
C/M Piston-Punch Screw Pumps
WHAT THIS MEANS
A set of components as described throughout the H.I.3 Case descriptions which describes how Dr Sydney Nicola Bennett's perpetual motion designed of the 1980s & 1990s has been innovated & scaled up
Contained endless Energy achieved. First time on Earth in history!
Motion & Stationary Energy
https://2026sydpersonal.blogspot.com/2025/08/cm-stationary-shipping-container.html
SCREW COMPRESSORS
Screw compressor like screw shaft pumps with variable jet & jet Nozzles for compression control speeds in
PERPETUAL MOTION SORTED
Dr Sydney Nicola Bennett's Piston-Punch
Components
Wind Tunnel. Air compression. Air Motor. You can affix EV Energy Generators to EV Motors & EV Battery Electric Switch-Backs
Wind Tunnel & Air compressor then air motors versus extracted EV electric for EV motors & batteries utilizing switch-back systems then
C/M Air Pump Speed & Force spins faster from a self-refilling jet compression recycle wind tunnel speed which then powers an additive fan effort to like woth the 3 layered punch effort refill air through continually as added to keep compression levels upward which then refill an air compression chamber to maximum PSI levels for recirculated use or use through an Air Motor or series of while Energy generated extracted for EV Electric components or battery storage Switch-Backs are an available variable
We see 3 variables in all efforts with an Energy net & break even we're C/M retains performance on all applications while negative Energy would require a refill or recharge
Self-refilling voids PSI loss in the wind tunnel circulation & for the air compression chamber despite 3+ purge exhaust anti-explosion & anti-fire variables integrated into the Emergency Safety System
Air flow is spinning at 15,000 - 35,000 average RPM Revolutions Per Minute within the Wind-Tunnel utilizing the jet recycle compression recirculation effect
Air pressure controls then mechanical variables control speed + force on the axel
C/M Piston-Punch utilizes Sub-Sonic Wind Tunnels on most applications outside of Aviation while Space travel requires nothing with Oxygen once in space utilixes "tunnel" mapping & alternative options in perpetual motion for thrust
Subsonic Tunnels: Operate at speeds below the speed of sound (Mach number < 1)
The speed - force at over 200 Km/h (we can do over 900 km/h) directed into an air compressor then exhaust valve effectively then through an Air Motor can be as efficient for an automotive application without the EV Electric component & without EV Electric Switch-Back batteries as optional which provides us with just Air Switch-Back motors or singular if we want to go between one or 4+
The exo-shell & material design of the wind tunnel & air compression section then conrrol & purge sdgtions are important to void explosion yet not impossible with use of an exo-shell set or dual to ensure it is designed to break without exploding ensuring debris purge outward & can thus be repaired yet a backup system ensures its never offline in the event of material failure
The Piston-Punch Wind Tunnel is self-refilling at idle & in motion designed by Dr Sydney Nicola Bennett
WIND TUNNELS
Wind tunnels are used to study airflow by simulating conditions with a controlled flow of air. They measure speed and pressure to analyze aerodynamic properties of models or objects. Speed is typically measured using Bernoulli's principle and pressure measurements are achieved through pressure taps, pressure-sensitive paint, or electronic sensors.
Speed Measurement:
• Bernoulli's Principle:
This principle relates pressure and velocity in a fluid flow. In a wind tunnel, the speed of airflow is determined by measuring the pressure difference and applying Bernoulli's equation.
• Pitot Tubes:
These tubes, placed in the airflow, measure stagnation pressure (the pressure at a point where the flow is brought to rest). By combining this with static pressure measurements, the airflow velocity can be calculated.
• Hot-wire anemometers:
These devices measure air velocity by detecting changes in the temperature of a heated wire as it is cooled by the airflow.
• Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV):
This technique uses lasers and cameras to track the movement of tiny particles seeded in the airflow, allowing for detailed flow visualization and speed measurement.
Pressure Measurement:
• Pressure Taps:
Small holes are drilled into the surface of the model or wind tunnel walls, and these are connected to pressure transducers or manometers to measure local pressure.
• Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP):
This paint changes its fluorescence based on the pressure applied, allowing for visualization and measurement of pressure distribution.
• Electronic Pressure Sensors:
Miniature sensors are embedded in the model or attached to a flexible strip to measure pressure at specific points.
• Pressure Scanners:
These systems can measure pressure at many locations simultaneously, providing a comprehensive pressure map.
Wind Tunnel Types:
• Subsonic Tunnels: Operate at speeds below the speed of sound (Mach number < 1).
• Transonic Tunnels: Handle speeds near the speed of sound (Mach number between 0.8 and 1.2).
• Supersonic Tunnels: Operate at speeds greater than the speed of sound (Mach number between 1.2 and 5.0).
• Hypersonic Tunnels: Handle extremely high speeds (Mach number > 5.0).
The specific type of wind tunnel and instrumentation used depends on the research objectives and the speed regime being investigated.
https://youtu.be/L1AYo9Mk1EI?si=n0KFwrSLWSkKjIRe
WIND TUNNELS
Wind tunnels use controlled airflows to test the aerodynamic properties of objects. These tests allow engineers and researchers to measure forces and moments on a model, such as lift and drag, by simulating real-world wind conditions. This data is crucial for designing aircraft, vehicles, and other structures.
How it works:
• Controlled Airflow: Wind tunnels generate a stream of air at a controlled speed and direction.
• Model Testing: The object or model being tested is placed in the tunnel's test section.
• Force Measurement: A force balance, a specialized instrument, measures the forces and moments acting on the model.
• Data Analysis: The data collected is analyzed to understand how the airflow affects the object, helping to optimize its design.
Types of wind tunnels:
• Low Turbulence Wind Tunnels: Used for studying boundary layer transition, where laminar flow becomes turbulent.
• Closed Return Wind Tunnels: More energy-efficient as the air is recirculated.
• Climatic Aerodynamic Wind Tunnels: Designed to simulate various climatic conditions, including temperature and precipitation, alongside wind.
FURTHER NOTES
Works for a 100,000 pound Semi-Truck & Trailer Rig alongside other Heavy vehicles then scaled into small Hatch Back micro Cars
For Air Only we utilize a 3.0 crank EV Electric with Energy shut off then grounding maps on Electronic & Climate control features with no EV Battery or EV Motor use
Crank radio kinda electric
0VER 21,000 HORSEPOWRR
At Controlled 200 km/h we have an equivlance of 21,556 horsepower.
In an automotive application we need under 1000 horsepower + close to equivlance in torque or 2000 & or over 2000 leading up to maximums of 6000 otherwise we start to see substantial damage unless controlled
We can limit the 21,556 horsepower in a vehicle in different ways by ramping down output to under 6000 yet in compact U shape designs for motorcycles we can still acjeive over 200 km/h
A wind speed of 200 km/h is equivalent to a force that can be measured in horsepower, but it's not a direct conversion. The force of the wind depends on the area it's acting upon. A 200 km/h wind can generate a significant amount of power, but it's not a standard horsepower calculation. To calculate the force, you need to consider the air density, wind speed squared, and the surface area being affected.
Here's a breakdown of how to understand wind force and its potential power:
1. Wind Force is Dependent on Area:
• Wind force is a pressure (force per unit area).
• A 200 km/h wind will exert a different force on a small object than on a large building.
• To calculate the force, you need to know the surface area being affected.
2. Calculating Wind Force (Pressure):
• The dynamic pressure of the wind can be calculated using the formula: dynamic pressure = 0.5 * air density * wind speed².
• Air density is approximately 1.225 kg/m³ at sea level.
• For 200 km/h (which is about 55.56 m/s), the dynamic pressure would be: 0.5 * 1.225 kg/m³ * (55.56 m/s)² ≈ 1889 Pascals.
3. Converting to Force:
• To get the total force, multiply the dynamic pressure by the effective surface area: wind force = dynamic pressure * effective surface area.
• The effective surface area depends on the angle the wind hits the surface.
4. Power from Wind (Horsepower):
• While the wind exerts a force, it also has kinetic energy. This energy can be harnessed to do work (like turning a turbine).
• The power (in horsepower) can be calculated from the wind's kinetic energy, but it's not a direct conversion of the wind speed.
• A 200 km/h wind is a very powerful wind, capable of causing significant damage and even generating substantial power if harnessed.
• For example, a 200 km/h wind is considered a violent storm and can cause widespread damage according to Basil Bangs.
In summary: A 200 km/h wind exerts a force that depends on the surface area it hits. This force can be calculated using the dynamic pressure formula. While it's not a direct horsepower calculation, a 200 km/h wind has a significant amount of power associated with it, enough to cause major damage and potentially be harnessed for energy.
HORSEPOWER CALCULATED
A 200 km/h wind speed equates to a substantial amount of force, but it's not directly converted to horsepower. Horsepower is a measure of power, while wind speed relates to force and kinetic energy. To calculate the potential power a 200 km/h wind could generate (e.g., from a wind turbine), you need to consider factors like the area affected by the wind and the efficiency of the conversion mechanism.
Here's a breakdown of the concepts and how they relate:
1. Wind Speed and Force:
• Wind speed (200 km/h) is a measure of how fast the air is moving.
• This speed translates to a force exerted on any object in its path.
• The force is dependent on the wind speed, the density of the air, and the surface area of the object.
2. Converting Wind Speed to Power:
• Wind Power Formula:
The power (P) generated by wind can be calculated using the formula: P = 0.5 * Cp * ρ * A * V³
• Cp is the power coefficient (efficiency of the turbine).
• ρ is the air density (approximately 1.225 kg/m³ at sea level).
• A is the swept area of the turbine blades (in square meters).
• V is the wind speed in meters per second.
• Example:
For a wind turbine with a blade diameter of 100 meters (radius of 50 meters), and assuming a Cp of 0.4 and standard air densit
• The swept area would be π * (50m)² = 7854 square meters.
• 200 km/h is approximately 55.56 m/s.
• The theoretical power would be: P = 0.5 * 0.4 * 1.225 kg/m³ * 7854 m² * (55.56 m/s)³ ≈ 16,075,978 Watts or 21,556 horsepower.
• Important Note:
This is a theoretical calculation. Actual power output will be lower due to various factors like wind turbulence, turbine design, and atmospheric conditions.
3. Wind Force and Damage:
• A 200 km/h wind is incredibly powerful and can cause significant damage.
• It falls into the category of a "violent storm" or even a "hurricane," depending on the specific wind speed and duration according to Basil Bangs and FOX 32 Chicago.
• Such winds can uproot trees, damage structures, and cause widespread destruction.
In summary, while 200 km/h wind doesn't directly equal horsepower, it represents a tremendous amount of kinetic energy that can be harnessed for power generation (with limitations) and can cause severe damage to infrastructure and property.
People like their EV Brushless Standard motors from C/M too so hybrid systems exist from custom-fab designs
WIND TUNNEL SPEEDS
Traditional
Wind tunnel speeds are controlled by adjusting the speed of the fan or impeller that circulates air, often using servo-motors and feedback control systems. These systems can automatically adjust the fan speed based on pressure readings within the wind tunnel, ensuring a stable and desired airflow. Advanced systems may also incorporate microcontrollers and fuzzy logic to achieve more precise and responsive speed control.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
1. Fan Speed Control:
• Basic Method:
Wind tunnel speed is primarily determined by the speed of the fan or impeller that circulates the air.
• Motor Control:
Adjusting the motor speed, often through a servo-motor, allows for precise control over the airflow velocity.
• Feedback Systems:
Sensors (like pressure transducers) monitor airflow conditions within the tunnel, providing feedback to the control system. This feedback loop allows the system to automatically adjust the fan speed to maintain the desired airflow and compensate for fluctuations.
2. Advanced Control Systems:
• Microcontrollers:
Arduino-based microcontrollers or similar systems can be used to manage the fan motor speed, enabling more sophisticated control strategies.
• Fuzzy Logic:
Fuzzy logic algorithms can be employed to achieve more accurate and stable wind speed regulation, particularly in systems where precise control is crucial.
• Examples:
Some wind tunnels use a system where a Pitot tube (measuring airspeed) and a manometer (measuring pressure) are connected to a rheostat, which is then connected to a motor to adjust the fan speed.
3. Maintaining Flow Similarity:
• Scale Models:
When testing scale models, it's important to maintain flow similarity parameters like Mach number and Reynolds number to accurately represent real-world conditions.
• Adjusting Speed:
This often involves adjusting the wind tunnel speed to match the Reynolds number of the full-scale object being modeled.
4. Minimizing Overshoot and Waste:
• Rapid Opening:
To efficiently use stored air (in some types of wind tunnels), it's necessary to open the control valve (or increase fan speed) rapidly to reach the desired airflow.
• Automatic Control:
However, manual adjustment can lead to overshoot (exceeding the desired speed) and wasted air. Automatic systems help to minimize this overshoot and ensure efficient use of the airflow.
WIND TUNNEL FAN SYSTEMS
The Idle & Motion Pumps produce an equivlance of over or under 200 km/h
A wind tunnel capable of producing a 200 km/h wind speed likely utilizes a powerful fan system, often driven by a large electric motor, to circulate air within a closed loop. These tunnels often include features like a test section with a controlled environment and adjustable nozzle to accommodate different vehicle sizes and types. For example, Ford's new wind tunnel has a 7,000-horsepower turbine that can generate winds up to 200 mph (322 km/h).
Here's a breakdown of the key components and considerations:
1. Fan and Motor:
• Powerful Fan:
The core of the system is a large, multi-bladed fan, often made of carbon fiber or similar lightweight, strong materials.
• High-Powered Motor:
The fan is driven by a powerful electric motor, sometimes exceeding several megawatts (e.g., 6.7 MW in the NRC's 9-m wind tunnel).
• Airflow Control:
The fan's speed and pitch can be adjusted to control the wind speed and airflow within the tunnel.
2. Wind Tunnel Design:
• Closed-Circuit or Open-Jet:
Wind tunnels can be closed-circuit (air recirculates) or open-jet (air exits after passing through the test section).
• Test Section:
This is the area where the vehicle or object is placed for testing. It often has a rectangular or other optimized shape to minimize flow disturbances.
• Adjustable Nozzle:
Some tunnels have adjustable nozzles to create a consistent wind speed across different test object sizes.
• Boundary Layer Control:
Systems like boundary layer suction or floor-mounted rollers can be used to simulate real-world conditions more accurately.
3. Auxiliary Systems:
• Climate Control:
Some tunnels can simulate extreme temperatures and humidity levels, like Ford's climatic chamber, which can reach -40°F to 140°F.
• Rolling Road Systems:
These systems allow vehicles to be tested while simulating real-world road conditions, with independent rollers for each wheel.
• Data Acquisition:
Tunnels are equipped with sensors and data acquisition systems to measure various parameters like wind speed, pressure, temperature, and forces acting on the test object.
• Acoustic Measurement:
Some wind tunnels can also measure noise levels, which is important for developing quieter vehicles.
4. Examples:
• Ford's 200 mph wind tunnel: A state-of-the-art facility with a 7,000-horsepower turbine and rolling road system for comprehensive vehicle testing.
• NRC's 9-m wind tunnel: A large-scale facility with a 6.7 MW motor and a 55 m/s (200 km/h) maximum wind speed.
• Kirsten Wind Tunnel: A subsonic, closed-circuit tunnel with a 200 mph maximum speed.
WIND TUNNEL TO EV ELECTRIC
Within the H.I.3 Case details on how the wind tunnel achieves high pressure perpetual motion is included
A wind tunnel can be used to generate electricity. While primarily known for testing aerodynamic properties of vehicles and aircraft, wind tunnels can be designed with a turbine at the end to convert airflow into electrical energy. Additionally, the power needed to operate a wind tunnel can be significant, and some facilities use electric motors to drive the fans that generate the airflow.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
1. Wind Tunnel for Electricity Generation:
• A novel wind tunnel design can be used to capture wind at an elevated position and direct it through a tunnel to a turbine at ground level, according to ScienceDirect.com.
• The shape of the tunnel (conical) and elevation change can help increase wind speed within the tunnel, enhancing the electricity generation potential, according to ScienceDirect.com.
• Some research has explored using a wind turbine at the end of a wind tunnel to convert the airflow into electricity, according to IEEE Xplore.
2. Wind Tunnel Power Consumption:
• Wind tunnels require substantial power to operate the fans that generate the airflow, according to Aerodium Technologies.
• The power consumption increases exponentially with wind speed. For example, increasing wind speed from 180 km/h to 230 km/h can more than double the power consumption, according to Aerodium Technologies.
• Some large wind tunnels can be powered by large electric motors, such as the one used in the wind tunnel at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio, according to Wikipedia.
3. Wind Tunnels in Electric Vehicle Development:
• Wind tunnels are crucial for optimizing the aerodynamics of electric vehicles, helping to reduce drag and extend driving range, according to Ford Corporate Home and Stellantis Media.
• Rolling road wind tunnels, like the one used by Ford, allow engineers to simulate real-world driving conditions and test the aerodynamic performance of vehicles, according to Ford Corporate Home.
Stellantis has invested in innovative wind tunnel technology, including a Moving Ground Plane, to reduce airflow resistance from wheels and tires, which can account for a significant portion of aerodynamic drag in EVs, according to Stellantis Media.
JET ENGINE RPM REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE
Jet engine RPM (revolutions per minute) varies significantly depending on the engine type and its operating conditions. Generally, larger commercial airliner engines operate at lower RPMs than smaller, high-performance engines. Typical values range from around 2,000 RPM to over 10,000 RPM, with some smaller engines reaching 35,000 RPM or more.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
• Commercial Airliners:
Large turbofan engines found in commercial airliners, like the GE90 on the Boeing 777X, have a large fan at the front that rotates at lower speeds, typically around 2,000-4,000 RPM for the low-pressure (LP) spool. The core of the engine, the high-pressure (HP) spool, spins much faster, potentially reaching 8,000-14,000 RPM or even higher.
• Smaller/High-Performance Engines:
Fighter jet engines and smaller engines, like the one in the Tomahawk missile, can operate at much higher RPMs, with the core reaching 20,000-35,000 RPM or more.
• Factors Affecting RPM:
The RPM of a jet engine is influenced by various factors, including engine size, thrust requirements, and flight conditions. During takeoff, engines are typically at or near their maximum RPM, while in cruise flight, RPMs are usually lower.
• Two Spools:
Many jet engines have a two-spool or even a three-spool design. This means there are multiple shafts rotating at different speeds within the engine. The low-pressure (LP) spool drives the fan, while the high-pressure (HP) spool drives the compressor and turbine stages.
An insulated contained corkboard wrapped breathing interior shell with exo-shell effort integrating the Emergency Safety System with fire extinguisher in the event the system goes offline due to damage & a safe ejection option for road-side stops if required in the maintenance & service effort while the Piston-Punch direct to EV & Air motors take control if you choose to EV Battery Switch-Back option
Stackable & mounted to rear of Motion vehicles or contained outside Stationary plants to void risks with integrated Energy shut off yet stored Energy "could" catch fire unlike generating Energy for direct use which can be shut off
C/M EV Battery Switch-Back Replacement costs compared to Lucid 2025
C/M at $3,000 - $6,000 & up to $1500 for Switch-Back materials & containment with Emergency Safety System components
The cost to replace a Lucid Air battery pack can range from $14,000 to $20,000 or more, depending on whether it's covered by warranty, the specific battery size, and whether a new or remanufactured pack is used. Out-of-warranty replacements can be significantly more expensive than those covered by the warranty.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
• Out-of-warranty replacement:
Lucid has confirmed that an out-of-warranty battery replacement, using a remanufactured pack, starts at around $14,000 according to Top Speed.
• Potential range:
Other sources suggest that out-of-warranty replacements can range from $5,000 to $20,000 or even more, depending on the battery size and whether it's a new or refurbished pack according to GreenCars.
• Factors influencing cost:
The specific battery pack size (e.g., for the Air Pure vs. higher-performance models) and whether it's a new or remanufactured pack significantly impact the price says Top Speed.
• Warranty:
Lucid offers a comprehensive warranty on its batteries. If a replacement is needed within the warranty period, it will likely be covered.
• Labor costs:
Labor costs for battery replacement can add to the overall expense, with some reports indicating hourly rates of $175-$200 at Tesla service centers according to Find My Electric.
The time to replace a Lucid Air's high-voltage battery pack is generally when it degrades to 70% of its original capacity, or after 15 years or 250,000 miles, according to Top Speed. Lucid provides an 8-year, 100,000-mile warranty, but the battery management system is likely to last the life of the car. Factors like charging habits and climate can affect battery lifespan.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
• Warranty:
Lucid offers an 8-year, 100,000-mile warranty on the high-voltage battery pack, which covers degradation, not complete failure.
• Capacity Retention:
Lucid indicates the battery should retain 70% of its capacity for at least the first 250,000 miles or 15 years.
• Charging Practices:
Extremes in charging (fully charging or fully discharging) can strain the battery and shorten its lifespan. It's recommended to keep the charge between 20% and 80% for optimal battery health.
A GOAL WITH BATTERIES & ENVIRONMENT
We want a zero-emission & zero cycle process from point A - B in a safe healthy setting for design & manufacturing then logistics for supply & stotage then safe use practices for our rights & safety
This being said we are looking at equivlance with less material while increasing safety standards & alternative equivlance or resource free as much as possible while increasing rare earth yields like copper for conductives with separate from Brushless Standard motors & areas of the wind tunnel & air compressor then air motors for all features using automotive as a standard
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY ALTERNATIVES
Sodium-ion, flow, metal-air, graphene materials first & less likely solid state unless susdoanbale & mechanical equivlance while lithium-ion is considered as a last resort
With the Switch-Backs we cna utilize less efficient & less material to acheive equivlance lowering costs & increasing supply cycles & recycle cycles separate from resource free or resource minimals
Several alternatives to lithium-ion batteries are being developed for electric vehicles, with sodium-ion batteries being a prominent near-term replacement. Other promising technologies include solid-state batteries, flow batteries, metal-air batteries, and even fuel cells. While lithium-ion batteries still dominate, these alternatives offer potential advantages in terms of cost, sustainability, safety, and performance.
Sodium-ion batteries: These batteries directly replace lithium ions with sodium ions, offering a potentially lower-cost and more sustainable option due to the abundance of sodium. While they have lower energy density and cycle life compared to lithium-ion, they are less prone to malfunctions, don't require cobalt, and can withstand temperature extremes better.
Other promising technologies:
• Solid-state batteries:
These batteries replace the liquid electrolyte in traditional lithium-ion batteries with a solid electrolyte, potentially offering higher energy density, improved safety, and faster charging speeds.
• Flow batteries:
These batteries store energy in liquid electrolytes, offering the potential for large-scale energy storage and long cycle life.
• Metal-air batteries:
These batteries use oxygen from the air as a reactant, potentially offering very high energy density.
• Fuel cells:
These devices generate electricity through a chemical reaction between a fuel (like hydrogen) and an oxidant (like oxygen), offering the potential for long driving ranges and fast refueling.
• Aqueous zinc-ion batteries:
These batteries use a water-based electrolyte, making them safer and more environmentally friendly than lithium-ion batteries.
• Graphene batteries:
These batteries utilize graphene materials, potentially offering higher energy density and faster charging speeds.
• Lithium-sulfur batteries:
These batteries replace the cathode material in lithium-ion batteries with sulfur, potentially offering higher energy density.
Challenges and considerations:
While these alternatives offer promising potential, they also face challenges such as lower energy density compared to lithium-ion (for some technologies), limited cycle life, and manufacturing complexities. Continued research and development are crucial to overcome these challenges and bring these alternative battery technologies to market.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) utilize sodium-containing compounds, and while not directly using brine in the same way as lithium-ion batteries, they can be produced using sodium from various sources, including brines. Sea salt (NaCl) is a readily available and inexpensive source, and can be used to produce sodium carbonate, a key material for SIB cathodes. Brines, particularly those with high sodium content, can be processed to extract sodium for battery production.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
1. Sodium Sources for SIBs:
• Sea Salt (NaCl):
Seawater is a vast and easily accessible source of sodium chloride. This salt can be processed to obtain sodium carbonate (soda ash), a common precursor for SIB cathode materials.
• Natural Brines:
Certain natural brines, like those found in salt lakes, can also be rich in sodium compounds and can be processed for battery material production.
• Industrial By-products:
Sodium can also be obtained as a byproduct from various industrial processes, such as chlorine production.
2. Processing Brine for SIBs:
• Membrane Electrolysis:
Membrane electrolysis is a method used to separate and concentrate sodium ions from brines, making it suitable for extracting sodium for battery production.
• Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) Technologies:
While primarily focused on lithium extraction from brines, some DLE technologies can also be adapted for sodium extraction, potentially using similar processes.
3. Brine in SIB Components:
• Electrolytes:
Sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)-based organic liquid electrolytes are commonly used in SIBs and are compatible with various cathode materials.
• Electrodes:
Sea salt (NaCl) can be used as a raw material for electrodes and electrode doping in SIBs.
• Cost-Effectiveness:
Sodium is abundant and relatively inexpensive compared to lithium, making SIBs potentially more affordable.
• Sustainability:
Using brines as a sodium source can reduce the environmental impact associated with traditional mining, especially in comparison to lithium extraction from evaporation ponds.
CORK BOARD HARVEST
Cork oak trees (Quercus suber) are relatively easy to grow, requiring well-drained soil, full sun, and protection from frost, especially when young. They thrive in Mediterranean climates with hot, dry summers and mild winters. While drought-tolerant once established, young trees need regular watering. They can be grown from acorns or seedlings and are relatively low-maintenance when mature.
Here's a more detailed look at growing cork oak trees:
1. Site Selection and Soil:
• Sunlight: Cork oaks need full sun to thrive.
• Soil: They prefer well-drained soil with a slightly acidic pH (ideally 4.8 to 7.0), but they can tolerate a range of pH levels. Avoid excessively alkaline or poorly drained soils.
• Climate: Cork oaks are hardy in USDA zones 8-11, which generally means areas with mild winters (minimum temperature not dropping below 10°F or -10°C). They can tolerate some cold but need protection from hard frosts, especially when young.
2. Planting:
• Acorns:
Cork oak acorns can be planted in the autumn to mimic natural conditions. Sow them about 1 inch deep in well-draining soil (a mix of compost and sand can be used).
• Seedlings:
Plant seedlings in the spring, ensuring the root ball is well-moistened before planting.
• Spacing:
Space trees at least 30 feet apart to allow for mature size, according to the Sacramento Tree Foundation.
3. Care:
• Watering: Young trees need regular watering, especially during dry periods. Mature trees are drought-tolerant but still appreciate occasional deep soakings.
• Fertilizing: Cork oaks don't need much fertilizer, but avoid over-fertilizing with nitrogen or phosphorus.
• Pruning: Pruning is usually not necessary unless you want to raise the canopy.
• Pest and Disease Control: Cork oaks are relatively resistant to pests and diseases.
4. Harvesting Cork:
• Cork is harvested from the bark of the tree, typically starting when the tree is around 25 years old and the trunk reaches a certain diameter.
• Harvesting is done every 9-12 years, with the first harvest producing virgin cork, which is not suitable for stoppers.
• Subsequent harvests yield better quality cork that can be used for stoppers and other products.
THE BARK OF HARVESTES FOR CORK BOARD
S.B.G & CIG M.D.E - C/M utilizes Corkboard wrapping in exo-shellmlayers for SV Battery Switch-Back Emergency Safety Systems
The bark of the cork oak tree regenerates after being harvested, allowing for repeated harvesting of the same tree. This bark is known as cork, and it is harvested by manually stripping the outer bark from the tree without harming it. The cork oak tree is native to the Mediterranean region and is commercially grown for its bark in countries like Portugal and Spain.
Here's a more detailed look at the process:
• Harvesting:
The process involves carefully peeling the outer bark from the cork oak tree, leaving the inner membrane intact.
• Regeneration:
The tree's bark regenerates after each harvest, allowing for repeated harvests over the tree's lifespan.
• Harvest Cycle:
Typically, the bark is harvested every 9-12 years, with the first harvest (virgin cork) occurring when the tree is around 25 years old.
• Tree Lifespan:
Cork oaks can live for over 200 years and be harvested many times during their lifespan.
• Sustainability:
The ability of the cork oak to regenerate its bark makes cork harvesting a sustainable practice.
• Carbon Sequestration:
Cork oak trees, when harvested, continue to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a greater rate than unharvested trees, further enhancing their sustainability.
• Commercial Use:
Cork is used in a variety of products, including wine stoppers, insulation, flooring, and more.
FIRE + EXPLOSION
Anti-Flame Purge Extinguisher Safety System
https://cmbennettbrothers.blogspot.com/2025/07/putting-flammable-ev-batteries-in.html
UNDERSTANDING FIRES & EXTINGUISHERS
As a result of findings for a Sodium-ion Battery Switch-Back we will have a Cork wrap & re-usable sand system with a renewable Class D fire extinguisher while other battery tunes require a different integrated Emergency Safety System with monitoring & release protecting non-burnt material with fail safes back ups so your never stranded while using just enough material. Sand from repurppsed ground rock & material rather than beaches works well
Sodium fires should not be extinguished with water or CO2 extinguishers. Instead, they should be tackled with a Class D dry chemical extinguisher or sand. If the fire is large or involves multiple batteries, it's best to allow it to burn in a controlled manner while protecting surrounding areas and removing undamaged containers. Sound the fire alarm before attempting to extinguish a sodium fire.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
• Class D extinguishers or sand:
These are the recommended methods for extinguishing sodium fires.
• Water and CO2 are dangerous:
Water reacts with sodium, producing hydrogen gas, which is flammable and can worsen the fire or cause an explosion. CO2 extinguishers can also be ineffective and potentially dangerous.
• Large fires:
If the fire is large or involves multiple batteries, it's crucial to prioritize safety. Allow the fire to burn in a controlled manner, ensuring the surrounding area is protected. Remove any undamaged batteries or containers from the area.
• Training is essential:
Only trained personnel should attempt to extinguish a sodium fire, especially larger ones.
• Sound the alarm:
Before attempting to extinguish the fire, ensure the fire alarm is activated to alert others.
S.B.G & CIG M.D.E - C/M EV Battery Sodium-Ion Switch-Backs
A wrapped area with exo-shell then corkboard wrapped + sand & Class D fire extinguisher system paired to the monitored Emergency Safety System
Little tablet sized sheets click in which are each Battery into the Switch-Back system while as a depleted tablet is recognized by the system it switches to the next tablet while the system then recharges the depleted while the vehicle is idle or in motion
Multiple rablets in a line create a 2-4 or 8+ system to ensure you always have fully charged battery tablets
Simple system with manual override paired to the Android Emergency Safety System app monitored with reactive features
S.B.G & CIG M.D.E - C/M STATIONARY
Energy Generation
Energy Use
Energy Storage
Simple. Bunker & above ground compact facilities. Low Cost + low cost maintenance & high output
Test Facilities will align with the 40 to 150-225 international facility growth & resale of sustainable Zero-Emission Zero-Cycle Energy for 2026 & onward
SECURITY MATERIALS
Unlike rare Copper, vast Poplar & other yields we require security & condictive + safe materials
For security materials, steel is generally considered the best option due to its exceptional strength, durability, and resistance to forced entry and fire. However, aluminum offers a good balance of strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, especially in coastal areas, and is lighter and easier to install than steel. Other options like fiberglass, timber (with reinforcement), and composite materials can also be suitable for specific applications, providing a range of benefits and aesthetic choices.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Steel:
• Pros:
Extremely strong, durable, resistant to impact and cutting, fire-resistant, and provides a high level of security.
• Cons:
Can be expensive, requires maintenance to prevent rusting, and may dent or show cosmetic damage.
Aluminum:
• Pros: Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, relatively durable, and easier to install than steel.
• Cons: Not as strong as steel, and may dent more easily.
Other Materials:
• Fiberglass:
Durable, low maintenance, and offers good aesthetic options.
• Timber (with reinforcement):
Provides strength and aesthetic appeal, especially with high-quality hardwoods like oak or teak, but often needs a steel core for enhanced security.
• Composite Materials:
Offer a combination of materials like wood, PVC, steel, and glass fibers, providing a balance of strength, durability, and other properties.
• Wrought Iron:
Known for its strength and decorative appeal, often used for window security bars.
• Reinforced Glass:
Used in combination with other materials for doors with glass panels, offering enhanced security.
FIREPROOF WALLS
S.B.G & CIG M.D.E - C/M utilizes an Emergency Safety System for the Stationary Energy plants in smaller ormlarger size separate from smaller contained retrofit applications with similar function to the Motion designs
Fireproof walls, while not truly fireproof in the absolute sense, are a crucial element in fire safety. They are designed to resist the spread of fire for a specific period, allowing occupants time to escape and preventing extensive damage. "Fireproof" is a misnomer; the correct term is fire-resistant or fire-retardant. Different materials and construction methods offer varying degrees of fire resistance, and building codes dictate where and how these are used in construction.
Here's a more detailed look:
Understanding Fire Resistance:
• No absolute fireproof:
No material is truly "fireproof." Given enough heat and time, anything will eventually burn.
• Fire-resistant vs. fireproof:
Fire-resistant materials and construction methods delay the spread of fire, while fireproof is a misnomer for the same concept.
• Building codes:
Building codes specify fire resistance ratings for different parts of a building, often measured in hours (e.g., 1-hour, 2-hour fire-rated walls).
Materials and Construction:
• Fire-rated drywall (Type X or C):
Commonly used in fire-resistant walls, especially in garages and separating dwelling units. It contains more gypsum and sometimes glass fibers to increase fire resistance compared to standard drywall.
• Concrete:
A highly fire-resistant material due to its density and non-combustible nature.
• Brick:
Bricks themselves are very fire-resistant, but the mortar used to hold them together can be a point of weakness.
• Steel:
Can be used in fire-resistant construction, but it can lose strength at high temperatures.
• Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs):
Offer excellent fire resistance due to the concrete core and insulation.
• Gypsum:
The core of fire-rated drywall, contains chemically combined water that helps resist fire.
Importance of Fire-Resistant Walls:
• Life safety: Fire-resistant walls provide critical time for occupants to escape a burning building.
• Property protection: They help contain fires, preventing them from spreading and causing extensive damage to the building and its contents.
• Building code compliance: Fire-resistant walls are often required by building codes, particularly in commercial and multi-family dwellings.
• Cost savings: May lead to lower insurance premiums and increased property value.
• Sound dampening: Fire-resistant drywall can also offer better soundproofing properties.
Considerations:
• Not a substitute for active fire protection:
Fire-resistant walls are part of a larger fire safety system that includes fire detection, suppression, and alarms.
• Regular inspections and maintenance:
Ensure fire-resistant walls remain in good condition and are not compromised by damage or renovations.
• Professional installation:
Fire-resistant construction should be done by qualified professionals to ensure proper installation and compliance with codes.
RENEWABLE SODIUM-ION BATTERIES
https://cmbennettbrothers.blogspot.com/2025/08/sbg-cig-sodium-ion-batteries-sibs.html
A RECYCLING 250-500 KM BATTERY
Unlimited Range. Equivalent life cycle to 2025 industry standards
S.B.G & CIG M.D.E - CIG 105+ kWh EV Battery Switch-Back Systems
Integrated Emergency Safety System
An accumulation effort allows us to reach a repeating Switch-Back effort for 250-500 Km unlimited range recycle as batteries deplete then self-recharge
C/M
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